Research Journal of The Institution of Structural Engineers. Structures aims to publish internationally-leading research across the full breadth of structural engineering. Papers for Structures are particularly welcome in which high-quality research will benefit from wide readership of academics and practitioners such that not only high citation rates but also tangible industrial-related pathways to impact are achieved. Structures seeks papers in areas relating to materials, structural mechanics, structural engineering, structural design, construction engineering, structural innovation, extreme events, sustainability, performance-based design, architectural topics that impact structural performance and other related areas. Structures actively encourages the use of electronic media to augment presentation. About The Institution of Structural Engineers The Institution of Structural Engineers is the world's largest membership organisation dedicated to the art and science of structural engineering. The Institution has over 27,000 members working in 105 countries around the world. The Institution is an internationally recognised source of expertise and information concerning all issues that involve structural engineering and public safety within the built environment. The core work of the Institution is supporting and protecting the profession of structural engineering by upholding professional standards and acting as an international voice on behalf of structural engineers. For specific enquiries relating to a manuscript that has not yet been accepted for publication, please contact the Editorial Office at [email protected] citing your manuscript number.