Precision Engineering - Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology is devoted to the multidisciplinary study and practice of high accuracy engineering, metrology, and manufacturing. The journal takes an integrated approach to all subjects related to research, design, manufacture, performance validation, and application of high precision machines, instruments, and components, including fundamental and applied research and development in manufacturing processes, fabrication technology, and advanced measurement science. The scope includes precision-engineered systems and supporting metrology over the full range of length scales, from atom-based nanotechnology and advanced lithographic technology to large-scale systems, including optical and radio telescopes and macrometrology. Precision Engineering was first published in January 1979; since 1986 it has also been known to many of its readers as the Journal of the American Society of Precision Engineering. Since January 2000, it is known as the Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology. In addition to its continuing association with the American Society of Precision Engineering (ASPE), the journal is associated with two further bodies: the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology (EUSPEN) and the Japan Society for Precision Engineering (JSPE), founded in 1933.